What is a potential risk of untreated hyperglycemia in a newborn?

In the context of untreated hyperglycemia in a newborn, dehydration emerges as a significant potential risk. Elevated blood sugar levels can lead to osmotic diuresis, where excess glucose in the bloodstream causes the kidneys to excrete more urine to eliminate the glucose. This increased urination can result in a significant loss of fluids, leading to dehydration.

Newborns are particularly vulnerable to the effects of dehydration, as their body has a higher surface area relative to their volume, which increases fluid loss. They also have limited capacity for fluid retention compared to older children and adults. Consequently, if hyperglycemia is not managed, the resultant dehydration can lead to serious complications in a newborn, such as electrolyte imbalances and affects on organ function.

Other potential complications, while relevant in other contexts, are less directly associated with untreated hyperglycemia in neonates when compared to the immediate and substantial risk of dehydration.