Which dietary substances should pregnant women limit or avoid?

Pregnant women are advised to limit or avoid certain dietary substances for the health and safety of both themselves and their developing baby. Caffeine, alcohol, and specific types of fish high in mercury are known to pose potential risks during pregnancy.

Caffeine, when consumed in excess, may be associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and low birth weight. While moderate caffeine consumption is often considered safe, many health organizations recommend limiting it to reduce any potential risks.

Alcohol is well-documented as a substance that can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which can cause lifelong physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities in the child. As no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been identified, complete avoidance is recommended.

Certain fish, particularly those high in mercury—such as shark, swordfish, and king mackerel—should be avoided as mercury can harm a developing baby's brain and nervous system. Health guidelines encourage pregnant women to choose low-mercury alternatives and limit their fish intake to ensure the health of both mother and baby.

In contrast, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, eggs, red meat, and poultry are generally encouraged during pregnancy for their essential nutrients unless a specific dietary restriction exists. Therefore, the focus on limiting